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| The Origins of the Union ShopWetzel, Tomhttp://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CX9141-Unionshop.htm 
 Publisher:  Ideas & Action
 Year Published:  1989   First Published:  1986
 Resource Type:  Article
 
 Though the typical union contract nowadays contains some sort of union shop provision, union membership was voluntary under almost all CIO contracts prior to 1942. The dues "check off" was virtually unknown in the late '30s and dues were collected on the shop floor by shop stewards and committeemen.
 
 
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